Several recent papers show that increasing sea surface temperatures (SST) in the North Atlantic are influencing seabird demography. Frederiksen et al. (2004) found that survival rates and productivity of Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in southeast Scotland were negatively related to SST, and also that the presence of industrial fisheries reduced survival and productivity further. Grosbois & Thompson (2005) found that the overwinter survival rates of adult Fulmars Fulmarus glacialis breeding in Orkney were negatively related to SST, complementing their earlier work that found similar trends in productivity. Harris et al. (2005) found that Puffin Fratercula arctica survival rates at three colonies in the UK were negatively related to SST. In contrast, studies at HГёrnoy, in Norway, reveal that survival of Kittiwakes and four species of auks increased with SST, while survival (Harris et al. 2005) and productivity (Durant et al. 2003) of Puffins at RГёst in Norway increased with SST. These contrasting observations can be explained by differences in seabird diet between the UK and Norway. In the UK, seabirds feed on sandeels Ammodytes, which are adversely affected by increased sea temperatures, whereas seabirds in Norway feed predominantly on juvenile herring Clupea, which benefit from increased sea temperatures. These studies show that the effects of climate on seabirds are primarily indirect, via the food chain, and that these effects can vary regionally depending on the key prey species and how these respond to climate variation. Furthermore, Gaston et al. (2005) found that productivity of Brьnnich's Guillemots Uria lomvia in the Canadian